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タイトル: Deer grazing drove an assemblage‐level evolution of plant dwarfism in an insular system著者: Takahashi, Daiki; Suyama, Yoshihisa; Fukushima, Keitaro; Setoguchi, Hiroaki; Sakaguchi, Shota抄録: 1. Plant dwarfism, a syndrome characterised by a significant reduction in plantheight and organ size, is a widely observed pattern of stress-tolerant life-formevolution that results from local adaptation to harsh environmental conditions.The drivers of assemblage-level dwarfism have primarily been attributed to abi-otic factors, such as low temperature, aridity, poor soil fertility or frequent fires.While biotic factors such as grazing pressure from herbivores can contribute tothe establishment of plant dwarfism, these factors have rarely been tested at as-semblage levels. 2. Focusing on a dwarf plant assemblage comprising over 80 taxa on a small conti-nental island in Japan with a high deer density, we hypothesised that historicaldeer grazing could also be a factor contributin ...

タイトル: Plasma beta dependence of turbulent transport suggesting an advantage of weak magnetic shear from local and global gyrokinetic simulations著者: Ishizawa, A.; Kishimoto, Y.; Imadera, K.; Nakamura, Y.; Maeyama, S.抄録: A higher plasma β is desirable for realizing high performance fusion reactor, in fact, one of the three goals of JT-60SA project is to achieve a high-β regime. We investigate key physical processes that regulate the β dependence of turbulent transport in L-mode plasmas by means of both local and global gyrokinetic simulations. From local simulations, we found that the turbulent transport does not decrease as β increases, because the electromagnetic stabilizing effect is canceled out by the increase of the Shafranov shift. This influence of the Shafranov shift is suppressed when the magnetic shear is weak, and thus the electromagnetic stabilization is prominent in weak shear plasmas, suggesting an advantage of weak magnetic shear plasmas for achieving ...

タイトル: Ascidian embryonic cells with properties of neural-crest cells and neuromesodermal progenitors of vertebrates著者: Ishida, Tasuku; Satou, Yutaka抄録: Neural-crest cells and neuromesodermal progenitors (NMPs) are multipotent cells that are important for development of vertebrate embryos. In embryos of ascidians, which are the closest invertebrate relatives of vertebrates, several cells located at the border between the neural plate and the epidermal region have neural-crest-like properties; hence, the last common ancestor of ascidians and vertebrates may have had ancestral cells similar to neural-crest cells. However, these ascidian neural-crest-like cells do not produce cells that are commonly of mesodermal origin. Here we showed that a cell population located in the lateral region of the neural plate has properties resembling those of vertebrate neural-crest cells and NMPs. Among them, cells with Tbx6-related expression contribute to muscle near the tip of the tail r ...

タイトル: Regional efficiency and total factor productivity change for small and medium sorghum producers in Zambia: A slacks-based measure and Malmquist index approach著者: Chanda, Obed; Umetsu, Chieko抄録: Zambia's efforts to promote countrywide production of sorghum is backed by a number of apropos factors. It is not only an adaptive response to the climate change challenge, but also a dietary diversity improvement measure, to achieve food and nutrition security. Further, improved sorghum production will supply emerging agro-industries, especially specialty foods, beverages and stock feed manufacturing in the country. However, regional sorghum production efficiencies in Zambia are not well known. This paper attempts to evaluate regional sorghum production technical efficiencies (TE), as well as Total Factor Productivity (TFP) change from 2011 to 2022. To study these aspects, we apply non-parametric Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) techniques such as the Slacks-Based Measure ( ...

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