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Abstract Background A 10% cocoa?enriched diet influences immune system functionality including the prevention of the antibody response and the induction of lower immunoglobulin (Ig) concentrations. However, neither cocoa polyphenols nor cocoa fiber can totally explain these immunoregulatory properties. Objectives This study aimed to establish the influence of cocoa theobromine in systemic and intestinal Ig concentrations and to determine the effect of cocoa or theobromine feeding on lymphoid tissue lymphocyte composition. Methods Three-week-old female Lewis rats were fed either a standard diet (AIN-93M; RF group), a 10% cocoa diet (CC group), or a 0.25% theobromine diet (the same amount provided by the cocoa diet; TB group) in 2 separate experiments that lasted 19 (experiment 1) or 8 (experiment 2) d. Serum IgG, IgM, IgA, and intestinal secretory IgA (sIgA) concentrations were determined. In addition, at the end of experiment 2, thymus, mesenteric lymph node (MLN), and spleen lymphocy ...

Abstract Background Away-from-home foods (AFHFs) influence diet quality, a modifiable obesity risk factor, with limited generalizable evidence in Hispanic/Latino adults. Objective We investigated associations between AFHF intake with diet quality and overweight or obesity among US Hispanic/Latino adults. Methods Cross-sectional baseline (2008?2011) analyses included adults ( n  = 16,045) aged 18?74 y in the national Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. Participants self-reported AFHF consumption frequency from 10 different settings and dietary intake (2-d 24-h recall). The Alternate Healthy Eating Index?2010 (AHEI-2010) was used to measure diet quality; higher scores indicated a healthier diet and scores were categorized into tertiles. WHO classifications categorized overweight [body mass index (BMI; kg/m 2 ): 25.0?29.9] and obesity (BMI ?30). Multivariate-adjusted associations of AFHF frequency or type with AHEI-2010, overweight, or obesity were assessed by using compl ...

Abstract Background Food-assisted maternal and child health and nutrition (FA-MCHN) programs are widely used to address undernutrition, but little is known about their effectiveness in improving child linear growth. Objective We assessed the impact of Burundi's Tubaramure FA-MCHN program on linear growth. The program targeted women and their children during the first 1000 d and included 1 ) food rations, 2 ) strengthening of health services and promotion of their use, and 3 ) behavior change communication (BCC). A second objective was to assess the differential effect when varying the timing and duration of receiving food rations. Methods We used a 4-arm, cluster-randomized controlled study to assess program impact with the use of cluster fixed-effects double-difference models with repeated cross-sectional data (baseline and follow-up 4 y later with ?3550 children in each round). Treatment arms received food rations (corn-soy blend and micronutrient-fortified vegetable oil) for the fi ...

Abstract Background While low-grade chronic inflammation has been suggested as a major modulator of healthy aging (HA), no study has yet investigated the link between the inflammatory potential of the diet and multidimensional concepts of HA. Objective We aimed to evaluate the association between the inflammatory potential of the diet at midlife, as measured by the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII), and HA assessed 13 y later. Methods We analyzed data from 2796 participants in the French Supplémentation en Vitamines et Minéraux Antioxydants (SU.VI.MAX) study aged 45?60 y at baseline (1994?1995) and initially free of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. During the trial phase of the study (1994?2002), participants received either a placebo or a daily nutritional dose of antioxidant supplement (120 mg vitamin C, 6 mg ?-carotene, 30 mg vitamin E, 100 ?g Se, 20 mg Zn). HA was assessed in 2007?2009, and defined as having no major chronic disease, good physical and cognitive funct ...

Abstract Background To our knowledge, no studies have addressed whether maternal anemia of inflammation (AI) affects newborn iron status, and few have addressed risk factors for specific etiologies of maternal anemia. Objectives The study aims were to evaluate 1 ) the contribution of AI and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) to newborn iron endowment, 2 ) hepcidin as a biomarker to distinguish AI from IDA among pregnant women, and 3 ) risk factors for specific etiologies of maternal anemia. Methods We measured hematologic biomarkers in maternal blood at 12 and 32 wk of gestation and in cord blood from a randomized trial of praziquantel in 358 pregnant women with Schistosoma japonicum in The Philippines. IDA was defined as anemia with serum ferritin <30 ng/mL and non-IDA (NIDA), largely due to AI, as anemia with ferritin ?30 ng/mL. We identified cutoffs for biomarkers to distinguish IDA from NIDA by using area under the curve (AUC) analyses and examined the impact of different causes of a ...

Abstract Background A high fructose intake has been shown to be associated with increased serum urate concentration, whereas ascorbate (vitamin C) may lower serum urate by competing with urate for renal reabsorption. Objective We assessed the combined association, as the fructose:vitamin C intake ratio, and the separate associations of dietary fructose and vitamin C intakes on prevalent hyperuricemia. Methods We conducted cross-sectional analyses of dietary intakes of fructose and vitamin C and serum urate concentrations among Jackson Heart Study participants, a cohort of African Americans in Jackson, Mississippi, aged 21?91 y. In the analytic sample ( n  = 4576), multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the separate associations of dietary intakes of fructose and vitamin C and the fructose:vitamin C intake ratio with prevalent hyperuricemia (serum urate ?7 mg/dL), after adjusting for age, sex, smoking, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, estimated glomerular ...

Abstract Background Epidemiologic studies link maternal seafood and n?3 (?-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) consumption with improved childhood cognitive development; trials show mixed results. Objective We investigated effects of n?3 PUFA supplementation on child cognitive and visual outcomes. Methods We systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed randomized controlled trials of n?3 PUFA supplementation in mothers or infants (age ?2 y) and evaluated standardized measures of cognitive or visual development up to age 18 y. Of 6286 abstracts and 669 full-text articles, 38 trials with 53 intervention arms were included. Data were extracted independently in duplicate. Findings were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis across supplementation periods (maternal, preterm, term infant); we also explored subgroup analyses stratified by supplementation period. Heterogeneity was explored using I 2 , stratified analysis, and meta-regression. Cognitive development was assessed by Bayley Sca ...

Abstract Background Recent evidence has highlighted the prevalence of mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency in women of childbearing age and pregnant women, with important public health ramifications due to the role of iodine, which is required for thyroid hormone production, in neurodevelopment. Cow milk contributes the greatest amount to iodine intakes in several countries. Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of increased cow milk consumption on iodine status, thyroid hormone concentrations, and selenium status. Methods A 12-wk randomized controlled trial was conducted in 78 low?moderate milk-consuming (<250 mL/d) healthy women (aged 18?45 y). The intervention group was asked to consume 3 L semiskimmed milk/wk, whereas the control group continued their usual milk consumption (baseline median: 140 mL/d; IQR: 40?240 mL/d). At baseline and weeks 6 and 12, participants provided a spot urine sample [urinary iodine concentration (UIC), creatinine] and a fas ...

Abstract Background Epidemiologic and in vitro studies suggest independent linkages between poor folate and/or vitamin B-12 nutrition, genomic human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 viral integration, and cancer. However, there is no direct evidence in vivo to support the causative role of poor folate nutrition in HPV16 integration into the cellular genome. Objective We tested the hypothesis that folate deficiency enables the integration of HPV16 into the genome of HPV16-harboring keratinocytes, and could thereby influence earlier transformation of these cells to cancer in an animal model. Methods HPV16-harboring human keratinocytes [(HPV16)BC-1-Ep/SL] were differentiated into 3-dimensional HPV16-organotypic rafts under either folate-replete or folate-deficient conditions in vitro. These were then subcutaneously implanted in severely immunocompromised female Beige Nude XID (Hsd: NIHS- LystbgFoxn1nuBtkxid ) mice (4?6 wk old, 16?18 g) fed either a folate-replete diet (1200 nmol folate/kg di ...

Abstract Background High-fat meals induce postprandial inflammation. Resveratrol is a polyphenol known to prevent comorbidities associated with cardiovascular disease and exerts an anti-inflammatory action. There is also an increasing body of evidence supporting the role of curcumin, a polyphenol from the curcuminoid family, as a modulator of proinflammatory processes. Objective The objectives of this study were to investigate the following: 1 ) the bioavailability of resveratrol consumed in combination with curcumin after consumption of a high-fat meal; and 2 ) the acute combined effects of this combination on the postprandial inflammatory response of subjects with abdominal obesity. Methods In a double blind, crossover, randomized, placebo-controlled study, 11 men and 11 postmenopausal women [mean ± SD age: 62 ± 5 y; mean ± SD body mass index (in kg/m 2 ): 29 ± 3] underwent a 6-h oral fat tolerance test on 2 occasions separated by 1?2 wk: once after consumption of a diet ...